What exactly is the app password meant to be? Is this the password I used to login? Or something else?
The app password is not the same of your login email address. It is a create from your email for the set up of swiftmailer, mailbox and email settings for sending emails.
For checking how to create app password in outlook you can follow the blog here.
I also get the following when I try and run the php command:
/var/www/uvdesk/config/packages$ sudo php bin/console c:c
Could not open input file: bin/console
This error showing because your project path is wrong. The project path should be only /var/www/uvdesk/ instead of this /var/www/uvdesk/config/packages: